Contoh Descriptive Text

                Descriptive Text is a kind of text which contains descriptions of an object, a person or a place with a purpose of describing.

                This kind of text is mostly written in present tense unless the object or the person does not exist anymore.

The Generic Strucutres for the text are:

1. Identification. In this paragraph, usually the writter is introducing the person, object or place that the writerwants to talk about.
2. Descriptions. In these paragraph the writter will give descriptions toward the topic as clear the writter could possibly give.

e.g.

Surabaya

                Surabaya is the second largest city in Indonesia after Jakarta. It is the capital of East Java Province. The city is located in southern Indonesia.

                Surabaya is also a port on the nouthern shore of the island of Java at the mount of the Mas River. As a major seaport and one of the chief commercial and trading centers of Asia, Surabaya is the terminus of a railway and highway that connect it to other Javanese cities.

                A principal export is sugar. Other articles of trade include tobacco, coffe, corn, and tapioca. Shipbuilding, the manufacture of machinery, textiles, glass and metal products, and the processing of food and petroleum are leading industies of Surabaya.

                A large harbor is enclosed by breakwaters and contains floating docks and numerous warehouses. The roadstead, an open harbor where ship may anchor, is protected by nearby Madura Island. Located in the city are Airlangga University (1954), Petra Christian University (1965), and the Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology (1960).

Dikutip dari : Koding GO Kelas 11 semester 2

Contoh Text Hortatory Exposition

Hortatory Exposition adalah sebuah text yang menampilkan sebuah permasalahan (thesis) yang ditinjau dari berbagai argumen (arguments) yang diakhiri oleh sebuah saran/rekomendasi (recommendation)

Hortatory itu sendiri dalam Bahasa Indonesia berarti mendorong, membujuk, atau menasehati (strongly encourage/persuade). Untuk pemahaman lebih lanjut, Exposition = mengekspos/mengetengahkan suatu permasalahan.

Bisa disimpulkan bahwa Hortatory Exposition berarti text yang mengetengahkan suatu permasalahan dengan tujuan mengajak, membujuk, menasehati pembaca agar mengambil tindakan terhadap kasus yang diketengahkan.

Communicative Purpose:

Untuk mempengaruhi pembaca agar mengambil tindakan atau menghindai kasus (to persuade...)

Generic Structure:

•         Thesis: mengetengahkan topik/permasalahan
•         Arguments: argumen/alasan yang mendasari permasalahan
•         Recommendation: Penyataan/simpulan tentang apa yang seharusnya dilakukan atau dihindari (should/should not be done on the case)

Example:

Bringing Handphone to School

                Handphone is a communication tool which has many functions and facilities. It can function as telephone and short message service (SMS) sender. Moreover, modern handphone also can be used for searching information in internet, sendering and saving data. So that, students should be allowed to bring handphone to school because of some good reasons.

                Firstly, handphone can make our comunication easier with parents, teacher, and friends. For example, if suddenly we have important plan, we can contact parents to pick up on time.

                Secondly, handphone can make for searching information in internet easily. Handphone is more simple to bring than laptop or notebook.

                Thirdly, Handphone is also useful to save data, record agenda or all events which need to remember.

                Based on the above discussion, bring handphone to school should be allowed for students, because many function of it.

Tenses

Tenses merupakan bentuk kata kerja dalam bahasa inggris yang menunjukkan waktu ( masa lampau, sekarang, dan mada akan datang ) terjadinya suatu peristiwa. 


Terdapat 16 macam tenses, diantaranya : 


1. Simple Present
     rumus :
    (+) S + V1 + s/es + O                      
    (-) S + Do/Does + Not + V1 + O  
    (?) Do/Does + S + V1 + O
    (-?) Don't/Doesn't + S + V1 + O
    Time Signal :
    Everyday, every week, often, always, sometimes, usually, once, twice, etc.


2. Present Continous
    rumus :
    (+) S + To be (is,am,are) + Ving + O
    (-) S + To be (is,am,are) + Not + Ving + O
    (?) To be (is,am,are) + S + Ving + O
    (-?) To be (is,am,are) + S + Not + Ving + O
    Time Signal :
    Now, today, at present, this moment, this time, etc.


3. Present Perfect
    rumus :
    (+) S +  Have/Has + V3 + O
    (-) S +  Have/Has + Not + V3 + O
    (?)  Have/Has + S + V3 + O
    (-?) Haven't/Hasn't + S + V3 + O
    Time Signal :
    Just now, up to now, ever, never, already, etc.


4. Present Perfect Continous
    rumus :
    (+) S + Have/Has + Been + Ving + O
    (-) S + Have/Has + Not +  Been + Ving + O
    (?) Have/Has + S + Been + Ving + O
    (-?) Haven't/Hasn't + S + Been + Ving + O
   Time Signal : 
   Recently, all morning, lately, all day.


5. Simple Past 
    rumus :
    (+) S + V2 + O
    (-) S + Did + Not + V1 + O
    (?) Did +  + V1 + O
    (-?) Didn't +  + V1 + O
    Time Signal :
    Yesterday, last time, last week, last year.


6. Past Continous
    rumus :
   (+) S + To be (was,were) + Ving + O
   (-) S + To be (was,were) + Not + Ving + O
   (?) To be (was,were) + S +  Ving + O
   (-?) (Wasn't,Weren't) + S + Not + Ving + O
   Time Signal :
   Yesterday morning, yesterday night., last year on July.


7. Past Perfect 
    rumus :
   (+) S + Had + V3 + O
   (-) S + Had + Not + V3 + O
   (?) Had + S + V3 + O
   (-?) Hadn't + S + V3 + O
   Time Signal :
    Ever, never, already, after, before, until, as soon as, by the time.


8. Past Perfect Continous
    rumus : 
   (+) S + Had + Been + Ving + O
   (-) S + Had + Not + Been + Ving + O
   (?) Had + S + Been + Ving + O
   (-?) Hadn't + S + Been + Ving + O
   Time Signal :
   For, since.


9. Simple Future
    rumus :
    (+) S + Will/Shall + V1 + O
    (-)  S + Will/Shall + Not + V1 + O
    (?) Will/Shall + S +  V1 + O
    (-?) Won't/Shan't + S + V1 + O
    Time Signal :
    Next time, tomorrow, tonight, next week, next year, later, the day after tomorrow.


10. Future Continous
    rumus :
    (+) S + Will/Shall + Be + Ving + O
    (-) S + Will/Shall + Not + Be + Ving + O
    (?) Will/Shall +  S + Be + Ving + O
    (-?) Won't/Shan't + S + Be + Ving + O
    Time Signal :
    Tomorrow night.


11. Future Perfect
     rumus :
    (+) S + Will/Shall + Have + V3 + O
    (-) S + Will/Shall + Not + Have + V3 + O
    (?) Will/Shall + S + Have  + V3 + O
    (-?) Won't/Shan't + S + Have  + V3 + O
    Time Signal :
    By the next week.


12. Future perfect Continous
     rumus :
    (+) S + Will/Shall + Have + Been + Ving + O
    (-) S + Will/Shall + Not + Have + Been + Ving + O
    (?) Will/Shall + S + Have + Been + Ving + O
    (-?) Won't/Shan't + S + Have + Been + Ving + O


13. Past Future
      rumus :
      (+) S + Would/Should + V1 + O
      (-) S + Would/Should + Not + V1 + O
      (?) Would/Should + S + V1 + O
      (-?) Wouldn't/Shouldn't + S + V1 + O


14. Past Future Continous 
      rumus :
     (+) S + Would/Should + Be + Ving + O
     (-) S + Would/Should + Not + Be + Ving + O
     (?) Would/Should + S + Be + Ving + O
     (-?) Wouldn't/Shouldn't + S + Be + Ving + O
     Time Signal :
      Yesterday morning, yesterday night.


15. Past Future Perfect
      rumus :
     (+) S + Would/Should + Have + V3 + O
     (-) S + Would/Should + Not + Have + V3 + O
     (?) Would/Should + S + Have + V3 + O
     (-?) Wouldn't/Shouldn't + S + Have + V3 + O


16. Past Future Perfect Continous
      rumus :
     (+) S + Would/Should + Have + Been + Ving + O
     (-) S + Would/Should + Not + Have + Been + Ving + O
     (?) Would/Should + S + Have + Been + Ving + O
     (-?) Wouldn't/Shouldn't + S + Have + Been + Ving + O